python中如何使用Scrapy框架爬虫爬取微博热搜
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主要实现的功能:
0.理所应当的,绕过了各种反爬。
1.爬取全部的热搜主要内容。
2.爬取每条热搜的相关微博。
3.爬取每条相关微博的评论,评论用户的各种详细信息。
4.实现了自动翻译,理论上来说,是可以拿下与热搜相关的任何细节,但数据量比较大,推荐使用数据库对这个爬虫程序进行优化(因为当时还没学数据库,不会用,就按照一定格式在本地进行了存储)
(未实现功能):
利用爬取数据构建社交网。可构建python的数据分析,将爬取的用户构成一个社交网络。
项目结构:
weibo.py
用于爬取需要数据,调用回调分析数据后移交给item,再由item移交给管道进行处理,包括持久化数据等等。
import scrapy from copy import deepcopy from time import sleep import json from lxml import etree import re class WeiboSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'weibo' start_urls = ['https://s.weibo.com/top/summary?Refer=top_hot&topnav=1&wvr=6'] home_page = "https://s.weibo.com/" #携带cookie发起请求 def start_requests(self): cookies = "" #获取一个cookie cookies = {i.split("=")[0]: i.split("=")[1] for i in cookies.split("; ")} yield scrapy.Request( self.start_urls[0], callback=self.parse, cookies=cookies ) #分析热搜和链接 def parse(self, response, **kwargs): page_text = response.text with open('first.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp: fp.write(page_text) item = {} tr = response.xpath('//*[@id="pl_top_realtimehot"]/table//tr')[1:] #print(tr) for t in tr: item['title'] = t.xpath('./td[2]//text()').extract()[1] print('title : ',item['title']) #item['domain_id'] = response.xpath('//input[@id="sid"]/@value').get() #item['description'] = response.xpath('//div[@id="description"]').get() detail_url = self.home_page + t.xpath('./td[2]//@href').extract_first() item['href'] = detail_url print("href:",item['href']) #print(item) #yield item yield scrapy.Request(detail_url,callback=self.parse_item, meta={'item':deepcopy(item)}) # print("parse完成") sleep(3) #print(item) # item{'title':href,} #分析每种热搜下的各种首页消息 def parse_item(self, response, **kwargs): # print("开始parse_item") item = response.meta['item'] #print(item) div_list = response.xpath('//div[@id="pl_feedlist_index"]//div[@class="card-wrap"]')[1:] #print('--------------') #print(div_list) #details_url_list = [] #print("div_list : ",div_list) #创建名字为标题的文本存储热搜 name = item['title'] file_path = './' + name for div in div_list: author = div.xpath('.//div[@class="info"]/div[2]/a/@nick-name').extract_first() brief_con = div.xpath('.//p[@node-type="feed_list_content_full"]//text()').extract() if brief_con is None: brief_con = div.xpath('.//p[@class="txt"]//text()').extract() brief_con = ''.join(brief_con) print("brief_con : ",brief_con) link = div.xpath('.//p[@class="from"]/a/@href').extract_first() if author is None or link is None: continue link = "https:" + link + '_&type=comment' news_id = div.xpath('./@mid').extract_first() print("news_id : ",news_id) # print(link) news_time = div.xpath(".//p[@class='from']/a/text()").extract() news_time = ''.join(news_time) print("news_time:", news_time) print("author为:",author) item['author'] = author item['news_id'] = news_id item['news_time'] = news_time item['brief_con'] = brief_con item['details_url'] = link #json链接模板:https://weibo.com/aj/v6/comment/big?ajwvr=6&id=4577307216321742&from=singleWeiBo link = "https://weibo.com/aj/v6/comment/big?ajwvr=6&id="+ news_id + "&from=singleWeiBo" # print(link) yield scrapy.Request(link,callback=self.parse_detail,meta={'item':deepcopy(item)}) #if response.xpath('.//') #分析每条消息的详情和评论 #https://weibo.com/1649173367/JwjbPDW00?refer_flag=1001030103__&type=comment #json数据包 #https://weibo.com/aj/v6/comment/big?ajwvr=6&id=4577307216321742&from=singleWeiBo&__rnd=1606879908312 def parse_detail(self, response, **kwargs): # print("status:",response.status) # print("ur;:",response.url) # print("request:",response.request) # print("headers:",response.headers) # #print(response.text) # print("parse_detail开始") item = response.meta['item'] all= json.loads(response.text)['data']['html'] # #print(all) with open('3.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp: fp.write(all) tree = etree.HTML(all) # print(type(tree)) # username = tree.xpath('//div[@class="list_con"]/div[@class="WB_text"]/a[1]/text()') # usertime = re.findall('<div class="WB_from S_txt2">(.*?)</div>', all) # comment = tree.xpath('//div[@class="list_con"]/div[@class="WB_text"]//text()') # print(usertime) # #因为评论前有个中文的引号,正则格外的好用 # #comment = re.findall(r'</a>:(.*?)<',all) # for i in comment: # for w in i: # if i == "\\n": # comment.pop(i) # break # with open("12.txt","w",encoding='utf-8') as fp: # for i in comment: # fp.write(i) # print(comment) #95-122 div_lists = tree.xpath('.//div[@class="list_con"]') final_lists = [] #print(div_lists) with open('13.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as fp: for div in div_lists: list = [] username = div.xpath('./div[@class="WB_text"]/a[1]/text()')[0] usertime = div.xpath('.//div[@class="WB_from S_txt2"]/text()')[0] usercontent = div.xpath('./div[@class="WB_text"]/text()') str = usertime + '\n' + username #print(username,usertime,usercontent) # fp.write(usertime + '\n' + username) for con in usercontent[1:]: str += '\n' + username + '\n' + usertime + '\n' + con + '\n' # usercontent = ''.join(usercontent) #print('usercontent:',usercontent) item['username'] = username item['usertime'] = usertime item['usercontent'] = usercontent list.append(username) list.append(usertime) list.append(usercontent) final_lists.append(list) #item['user'] = [username,usertime,usercontent] item['user'] = final_lists yield item
items.py
在这里定义分析的数据,移交给管道处理
import scrapy class WeiboproItem(scrapy.Item): # define the fields for your item here like: # name = scrapy.Field() #热搜标题 title = scrapy.Field() #热搜的链接 href = scrapy.Field() #发布每条相关热搜消息的作者 author = scrapy.Field() #发布每条相关热搜消息的时间 news_time = scrapy.Field() #发布每条相关热搜消息的内容 brief_con = scrapy.Field() #发布每条相关热搜消息的详情链接 details_url = scrapy.Field() #详情页ID,拿json必备 news_id = scrapy.Field() #传入每条热搜消息微博详情页下的作者 username = scrapy.Field() #传入每条热搜消息微博详情页下的时间 usertime = scrapy.Field() #传入每条热搜消息微博详情页下的评论 usercontent = scrapy.Field() #所有评论和人 user = scrapy.Field()
middlewares.py
中间件,用于处理spider和服务器中间的通讯。
import random # 自定义微博请求的中间件 class WeiboproDownloaderMiddleware(object): def process_request(self, request, spider): # "设置cookie" cookies = "" cookies = {i.split("=")[0]: i.split("=")[1] for i in cookies.split("; ")} request.cookies = cookies # 设置ua ua = random.choice(spider.settings.get("USER_AGENT_LIST")) request.headers["User-Agent"] = ua return None
pipelines.py
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter class WeiboproPipeline: fp = None def open_spider(self,spider): print("starting...") def process_item(self, item, spider): title = item['title'] href = item['href'] author = item['author'] news_time = item['news_time'] brief_con = item['brief_con'] details_url = item['details_url'] news_id = item['news_id'] #username = item['username'] #usertime = item['usertime'] #usercontent = item['usercontent'] user = item['user'] filepath = './' + title + '.txt' with open(filepath,'a',encoding='utf-8') as fp: fp.write('title:\n' + title + '\n' + 'href:\n'+href + '\n' +'author:\n' + author + '\n' + 'news_time:\n' +news_time + '\n' + 'brief_con\n' + brief_con + '\n' +'details_url:\n' + details_url + '\n' +'news_id'+news_id + '\n') for u in user: fp.write('username:'+u[0] + '\n' + u[1] + '\n' +'usercontent:\n'+u[2] + '\n\n\n') fp.write('---------------------------------------------------------\n') fp.close() return item
setting.py
设置spider的属性,包括在这里已经加入了各种浏览器请求头,设置线程数,爬取频率等等,能够让spider拥有更强大的反爬
# Scrapy settings for weiboPro project # # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation: # # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'weiboPro' SPIDER_MODULES = ['weiboPro.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'weiboPro.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent #USER_AGENT = 'weiboPro (+http://www.yourdomain.com)' MEDIA_ALLOW_REDIRECTS = True USER_AGENT_LIST = ["Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.95 Safari/537.36 OPR/26.0.1656.60", "Opera/8.0 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en; rv:1.8.1) Gecko/20061208 Firefox/2.0.0 Opera 9.50", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; en) Opera 9.50", # Firefox "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:34.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/34.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10", # Safari "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari/534.57.2", # chrome "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.71 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.16 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/10.0.648.133 Safari/534.16", # 360 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/30.0.1599.101 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko", # 淘宝浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11", # 猎豹浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)", # QQ浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", # sogou浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)", # maxthon浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Maxthon/4.4.3.4000 Chrome/30.0.1599.101 Safari/537.36", # UC浏览器 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 UBrowser/4.0.3214.0 Safari/537.36" ] LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR' # Obey robots.txt rules ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay # See also autothrottle settings and docs #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3 # The download delay setting will honor only one of: #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default) #COOKIES_ENABLED = False # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default) #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers: #DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = { # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', # 'Accept-Language': 'en', #} # Enable or disable spider middlewares # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html # SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = { # 'weiboPro.middlewares.WeiboproSpiderMiddleware': 543, # } # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'weiboPro.middlewares.WeiboproDownloaderMiddleware': 543, } # Enable or disable extensions # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html #EXTENSIONS = { # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None, #} # Configure item pipelines # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'weiboPro.pipelines.WeiboproPipeline': 300, } # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True # The initial download delay #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to # each remote server #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received: #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default) # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache' #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = [] #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
scrapy.cfg
配置文件,没啥好写的
[settings] default = weiboPro.settings [deploy] #url = http://localhost:6800/ project = weiboPro
剩下的两个__init__文件空着就行,用不上。
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