i2c 驱动gpio模拟i2c
1. 简介:
gpio模拟i2c驱动可以解决i2c控制器不足的问题,但是,相对的可能要占用更多的cpu时间,此程序依然使用的是jz2440开发板
2. 内核提供的代码分析:
我们从 i2c-gpio.c 开始,文件路径:drivers/i2c/busses
(1)i2c的gpio的私有的数据 结构体如下:
- struct i2c_gpio_private_data {
- struct i2c_adapter adap;
- struct i2c_algo_bit_data bit_data;
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data pdata;
- };
其中第一个成员 i2c_adapter 不在展开,他提供了i2c的通信方法
第二个成员i2c_algo_bit_data,功能和参数写在函数中,他提供了操作具体硬件上的方法
- /* --- Defines for bit-adapters --------------------------------------- */
- /*
- * 这个结构体中包含了对线的操作的函数,从名字上我们可以看出
- */
- struct i2c_algo_bit_data {
- void *data; /* private data for lowlevel routines */
- void (*setsda) (void *data, int state); /* 一些操作线的高低电平的函数 */
- void (*setscl) (void *data, int state);
- int (*getsda) (void *data);
- int (*getscl) (void *data);
- int (*pre_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *);
- void (*post_xfer) (struct i2c_adapter *);
- /* local settings */
- int udelay; /* half clock cycle time in us,
- minimum 2 us for fast-mode I2C,
- minimum 5 us for standard-mode I2C and SMBus,
- maximum 50 us for SMBus */
- int timeout; /* 单位 jiffies */
- };
第三个成员i2c_gpio_platform_data,用于保存具体的硬件资源
- /**
- * struct i2c_gpio_platform_data - Platform-dependent data for i2c-gpio
- * @sda_pin: GPIO pin ID to use for SDA
- * @scl_pin: GPIO pin ID to use for SCL
- * @udelay: signal toggle delay. SCL frequency is (500 / udelay) kHz
- * @timeout: clock stretching timeout in jiffies. If the slave keeps
- * SCL low for longer than this, the transfer will time out.
- * @sda_is_open_drain: SDA is configured as open drain, i.e. the pin
- * isn't actively driven high when setting the output value high.
- * gpio_get_value() must return the actual pin state even if the
- * pin is configured as an output.
- * @scl_is_open_drain: SCL is set up as open drain. Same requirements
- * as for sda_is_open_drain apply.
- * @scl_is_output_only: SCL output drivers cannot be turned off.
- */
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data {
- unsigned int sda_pin; /* sda 对应的引脚 */
- unsigned int scl_pin; /* scl 对应的引脚 */
- int udelay; /* 信号触发延时,直接决定SCL引脚的频率:(500/udelay)kHz */
- int timeout; /* 如果从设备的SCL低电平保持大于timeout jiffies,传输过程认为超时 */
- unsigned int sda_is_open_drain:1; /* 将SDA引脚设置成开漏输出,开漏的意思是,如果设置成开漏,引脚外部没有上拉,高电平输不出来 */
- unsigned int scl_is_open_drain:1; /* 将SCL引脚设置成开漏输出 */
- unsigned int scl_is_output_only:1;/* */
- };
(2)i2c_gpio_setsda_dir,设置 i2c_gpio_platform_data 结构体中的 SDA 引脚的方向:1输入,0输出
- /* 改变SDA引脚的方向 */
- static void i2c_gpio_setsda_dir(void *data, int state)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data; /* */
- if (state)
- gpio_direction_input(pdata->sda_pin);
- else
- gpio_direction_output(pdata->sda_pin, 0);
- }
(3)i2c_gpio_setsda_val,设置SDA引脚上的值高/低,state可以的取值是GPIO_HIGHT / GPIO_LOW
- /*
- * 改变 SDA 引脚上的电平. This is only
- * valid for pins configured as open drain (i.e. setting the value
- * high effectively turns off the output driver.)
- */
- static void i2c_gpio_setsda_val(void *data, int state)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;
- gpio_set_value(pdata->sda_pin, state);
- }
(4)i2c_gpio_setscl_dir,设置 SDA 引脚的输入输出方向:1入,0出
- /* Toggle SCL by changing the direction of the pin. */
- static void i2c_gpio_setscl_dir(void *data, int state)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;
- if (state)
- gpio_direction_input(pdata->scl_pin);
- else
- gpio_direction_output(pdata->scl_pin, 0);
- }
(5)i2c_gpio_setscl_val,设置 SCL 引脚上的高低电平,state可以取值是GPIO_HIGHT / GPIO_LOW
- /*
- * Toggle SCL by changing the output value of the pin. This is used
- * for pins that are configured as open drain and for output-only
- * pins. The latter case will break the i2c protocol, but it will
- * often work in practice.
- */
- static void i2c_gpio_setscl_val(void *data, int state)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;
- gpio_set_value(pdata->scl_pin, state);
- }
(6)得到 SDA , SCL 引脚上的电平,返回值的取值是 GPIO_HIGHT /GPIO_LOW
- static int i2c_gpio_getsda(void *data)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;
- return gpio_get_value(pdata->sda_pin);
- }
- static int i2c_gpio_getscl(void *data)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata = data;
- return gpio_get_value(pdata->scl_pin);
- }
(7)然后我们来看看模块的初始化和退出
- static int __init i2c_gpio_init(void)
- {
- int ret;
- ret = platform_driver_register(&i2c_gpio_driver); /* 将驱动注册到系统中 */
- if (ret)
- printk(KERN_ERR "i2c-gpio: probe failed: %d\n", ret);
- return ret;
- }
- subsys_initcall(i2c_gpio_init);
- static void __exit i2c_gpio_exit(void)
- {
- platform_driver_unregister(&i2c_gpio_driver); /* 相应的释放函数 */
- }
- module_exit(i2c_gpio_exit);
(8)注册的这个驱动 i2c_gpio_driver 如下
- static struct platform_driver i2c_gpio_driver = {
- .driver = {
- .name = "i2c-gpio",
- .owner = THIS_MODULE,
- .of_match_table = of_match_ptr(i2c_gpio_dt_ids),
- },
- .probe = i2c_gpio_probe,
- .remove = __devexit_p(i2c_gpio_remove),
- };
其中的 of_match_ptr 由于用的是平台文件的匹配方式,CONFIG_OF 这个宏(跟设备树有关)没有开启,因此,此处的 of_match_ptr 返回值是 i2c_gpio_dt_ids
- #if defined(CONFIG_OF)
- static const struct of_device_id i2c_gpio_dt_ids[] = {
- { .compatible = "i2c-gpio", },
- { /* sentinel */ }
- };
- MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(of, i2c_gpio_dt_ids);
- #endif
可以看到,即使 i2c_gpio_dt_ids 也依赖于 CONFIG_OF 这个宏,因此 .of_match_table 没有定义,根据匹配的规则,最后检查的是 .name ,这要是有 设备的名字是 i2c-gpio 就能匹配上了,匹配上,将调用 i2c_gpio_probe,此部分代码加到,部分代码将用语言代替他的实现
- static int __devinit i2c_gpio_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_private_data *priv;
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata;
- struct i2c_algo_bit_data *bit_data;
- struct i2c_adapter *adap;
- int ret;
- priv = devm_kzalloc(&pdev->dev, sizeof(*priv), GFP_KERNEL);
- adap = &priv->adap;
- bit_data = &priv->bit_data;
- pdata = &priv->pdata;
- if (pdev->dev.of_node) { /* 没有设备树,执行 else */
- ret = of_i2c_gpio_probe(pdev->dev.of_node, pdata);
- if (ret)
- return ret;
- } else {
- if (!pdev->dev.platform_data) return -ENXIO;
- memcpy(pdata, pdev->dev.platform_data, sizeof(*pdata));
- }
- /* 检查 SDA 和 SCL 引脚是不是有效 */
- if (pdata->sda_is_open_drain) { /* 这里实现的是当输出的时候,将开漏打开,引脚上有上拉电阻,输入的时候,关闭开漏,引脚上无上拉电阻 */
- gpio_direction_output(pdata->sda_pin, 1); /* 将 SDA 引脚设置成输出,并且输出为 1 */
- bit_data->setsda = i2c_gpio_setsda_val;
- } else {
- gpio_direction_input(pdata->sda_pin);
- bit_data->setsda = i2c_gpio_setsda_dir;
- }
- if (pdata->scl_is_open_drain || pdata->scl_is_output_only) {
- gpio_direction_output(pdata->scl_pin, 1);
- bit_data->setscl = i2c_gpio_setscl_val;
- } else {
- gpio_direction_input(pdata->scl_pin);
- bit_data->setscl = i2c_gpio_setscl_dir;
- }
- if (!pdata->scl_is_output_only) /* 绑定i2c_algo_bit_data结构体 bit_data 中的 getscl 函数 */
- bit_data->getscl = i2c_gpio_getscl;
- bit_data->getsda = i2c_gpio_getsda; /* 绑定i2c_algo_bit_data结构体 bit_data 中的 getsda 函数 */
- if (pdata->udelay) /* 绑定udelay,用于设置scl的频率 */
- bit_data->udelay = pdata->udelay;
- else if (pdata->scl_is_output_only) /* 默认的,并且 scl 设置成单输出,频率是 10kHz */
- bit_data->udelay = 50; /* 10 kHz */
- else
- bit_data->udelay = 5; /* 100 kHz */
- if (pdata->timeout)
- bit_data->timeout = pdata->timeout;
- else
- bit_data->timeout = HZ / 10; /* 默认100 ms */
- bit_data->data = pdata;
- adap->owner = THIS_MODULE;
- snprintf(adap->name, sizeof(adap->name), "i2c-gpio%d", pdev->id); /* i2c_adapter 的名字 */
- adap->algo_data = bit_data;
- adap->class = I2C_CLASS_HWMON | I2C_CLASS_SPD;
- adap->dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
- adap->dev.of_node = pdev->dev.of_node;
- /*
- * 如果 "dev->id" 是负数,我们认为是0.
- * The reason to do so is to avoid sysfs names that only make
- * sense when there are multiple adapters.
- */
- adap->nr = (pdev->id != -1) ? pdev->id : 0;
- ret = i2c_bit_add_numbered_bus(adap); /* adapter 跟 i2c总线关联,如果 nr = -1,i2c的号自动分配,得到适配器,返回0成功 */
- if (ret)
- goto err_add_bus;
- of_i2c_register_devices(adap); /* CONFIG_OF_I2C和CONFIG_OF_I2C_MODULE都没定义,不执行这句 */
- platform_set_drvdata(pdev, priv); /* ... */
- dev_info(&pdev->dev, "using pins %u (SDA) and %u (SCL%s)\n",
- pdata->sda_pin, pdata->scl_pin,
- pdata->scl_is_output_only
- ? ", no clock stretching" : "");
- return 0;
- err_add_bus:
- gpio_free(pdata->scl_pin);
- err_request_scl:
- gpio_free(pdata->sda_pin);
- err_request_sda:
- return ret;
- }
相应的要有删除函数
- static int __devexit i2c_gpio_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
- {
- struct i2c_gpio_private_data *priv;
- struct i2c_gpio_platform_data *pdata;
- struct i2c_adapter *adap;
- priv = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
- adap = &priv->adap;
- pdata = &priv->pdata;
- i2c_del_adapter(adap); /* 删除适配器 */
- gpio_free(pdata->scl_pin);
- gpio_free(pdata->sda_pin);
- return 0;
- }
要用这个文件,需要做的是让内核支持,我用的内核版本是3.4.112
make menuconfig
选择 Device Drivers --->
<*> I2C support --->
I2C Hardware Bus support --->
<*> GPIO-based bitbanging I2C
重新将uImage放到开发板上,在根文件系统下会多出个节点:
./sys/bus/platform/drivers/i2c-gpio
3. 实例
对于上边的程序,在driver中已经存在,对于我们需要做的是编写 设备程序
设备可以在用户板级的配置文件中编写,也可以单独的写一个模块,然后加载,以下程序采用后者
由于手头上有个 mpu6050,所以,就以mpu6050为例,采用的传感器的小板子是 GY-521
mpu6050_gpio_dev.c
- #include <linux/kernel.h>
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <linux/platform_device.h>
- #include <linux/i2c-gpio.h>
- #include <mach/regs-gpio.h>
- #include <mach/hardware.h>
- #include <linux/i2c.h>
- #include <linux/delay.h>
- MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- static struct i2c_gpio_platform_data i2c_gpio_adapter_data = {
- .sda_pin = S3C2410_GPB(8), /* 选用的引脚都是没有外部上拉电阻的 */
- .scl_pin = S3C2410_GPB(7),
- .udelay = 50, //5,100kHz 50,10kHz
- .timeout = 200,
- /* .sda_is_open_drain = 1, */ /* 从这里可以推测的是这里是设置芯片,如果是 0,则,这个引脚不设置成开漏的模式 */
- /* .scl_is_open_drain = 1, */
- /* .scl_is_output_only = 1, */
- };
- static void mxs_nop_release(struct device *dev)
- {
- printk("mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev release\n");
- }
- static struct platform_device i2c_gpio = {
- .name = "i2c-gpio",
- .id = 1,
- .dev = {
- .platform_data = &i2c_gpio_adapter_data,
- .release = mxs_nop_release,
- },
- };
- static int mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init(void)
- {
- printk("mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init.\n");
- platform_device_register(&i2c_gpio);
- return 0;
- }
- static void mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_exit(void)
- {
- printk("mpu6050_dev_exit.\n");
- platform_device_unregister(&i2c_gpio);
- }
- module_init(mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_init);
- module_exit(mpu6050_i2c_gpio_dev_exit);
Makefile
- ifeq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
- #KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
- KERNELDIR ?= ~/wor_lip/linux-3.4.112
- PWD := $(shell pwd)
- modules:
- $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
- modules_install:
- $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules_install
- clean:
- rm -rf *.o *~ core .depend .*.cmd *.ko *.mod.c .tmp_versions modules* Module*
- .PHONY: modules modules_install clean
- else
- obj-m := mpu6050_gpio_dev.o
- endif
【1】将编译生成的文件,拷贝到开发板的文件系统中去,加载后出现匹配成功的字符,会在 /dev 文件夹下创建 i2c-1 ,还有一个 i2c-0 是用控制器控制的i2c接口,前边章节有讲
【2】我们使用的时候只需要像 i2c驱动二:devfs文件系统中的方法一样就行,只需要将读取的文件改成 i2c-1 即可,应用程序如下
mpu6050_devfs.c
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <linux/i2c.h>
- #include <linux/i2c-dev.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <sys/ioctl.h>
- #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))
- #define SMPLRT_DIV 0x19
- #define CONFIG 0x1A
- #define GYRO_CONFIG 0x1B
- #define ACCEL_CONFIG 0x1C
- #define ACCEL_XOUT_H 0x3B
- #define ACCEL_XOUT_L 0x3C
- #define ACCEL_YOUT_H 0x3D
- #define ACCEL_YOUT_L 0x3E
- #define ACCEL_ZOUT_H 0x3F
- #define ACCEL_ZOUT_L 0x40
- #define TEMP_OUT_H 0x41
- #define TEMP_OUT_L 0x42
- #define GYRO_XOUT_H 0x43
- #define GYRO_XOUT_L 0x44
- #define GYRO_YOUT_H 0x45
- #define GYRO_YOUT_L 0x46
- #define GYRO_ZOUT_H 0x47
- #define GYRO_ZOUT_L 0x48
- #define PWR_MGMT_1 0x6B
- #define ADDR_MPU6050 0x68
- static int mpu6050_read_byte(int fd, unsigned char reg)
- {
- int ret = 0;
- unsigned char txbuf[1] = {reg};
- unsigned char rxbuf[1];
- struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data mpu_data;
- ioctl(fd, I2C_TIMEOUT, 1);
- ioctl(fd, I2C_RETRIES, 2);
- struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
- {
- .addr = ADDR_MPU6050, /* 设备的地址 */
- .flags= 0, /* 0 是写,I2C_RDWR 是读 */
- .len = ARRAY_SIZE(txbuf), /* msg 的长度 */
- .buf = txbuf
- },
- {ADDR_MPU6050, I2C_M_RD, ARRAY_SIZE(rxbuf), rxbuf},
- };
- mpu_data.msgs = msg;
- mpu_data.nmsgs = ARRAY_SIZE(msg);
- ret = ioctl(fd, I2C_RDWR, &mpu_data);
- if (ret < 0) {
- printf("ret = %d\n", ret);
- return ret;
- }
- return rxbuf[0];
- }
- static int mpu6050_write_byte(int fd, unsigned char reg, unsigned char val)
- {
- unsigned char txbuf[2] = {reg, val};
- struct i2c_rdwr_ioctl_data mpu_data;
- ioctl(fd, I2C_TIMEOUT, 1);
- ioctl(fd, I2C_RETRIES, 2);
- struct i2c_msg msg[] = {
- {ADDR_MPU6050, 0, ARRAY_SIZE(txbuf), txbuf},
- };
- mpu_data.msgs = msg;
- mpu_data.nmsgs = ARRAY_SIZE(msg);
- ioctl(fd, I2C_RDWR, &mpu_data);
- return 0;
- }
- static void read_mpu6050(int fd)
- {
- unsigned short accel_x = 0, accel_y = 0, accel_z = 0;
- unsigned short gyro_x = 0, gyro_y = 0, gyro_z = 0;
- unsigned short temp = 0;
- mpu6050_write_byte(fd, PWR_MGMT_1, 0x00);
- mpu6050_write_byte(fd, SMPLRT_DIV, 0x07);
- mpu6050_write_byte(fd, CONFIG, 0x06);
- mpu6050_write_byte(fd, GYRO_CONFIG, 0x18);
- mpu6050_write_byte(fd, ACCEL_CONFIG, 0x01);
- while(1) {
- accel_x = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_XOUT_L);
- accel_x |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_XOUT_H) << 8;
- accel_y = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_YOUT_L);
- accel_y |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_YOUT_H) << 8;
- accel_z = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_ZOUT_L);
- accel_z |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, ACCEL_ZOUT_H) << 8;
- printf("acceleration data: x = %04x, y = %04x, z = %04x\n", accel_x, accel_y, accel_z);
- gyro_x = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_XOUT_L);
- gyro_x |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_XOUT_H) << 8;
- gyro_y = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_YOUT_L);
- gyro_y |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_YOUT_H) << 8;
- gyro_z = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_ZOUT_L);
- gyro_z |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, GYRO_ZOUT_H) << 8;
- printf("gyroscope data: x = %04x, y = %04x, z = %04x\n", gyro_x, gyro_y, gyro_z);
- temp = mpu6050_read_byte(fd, TEMP_OUT_L);
- temp |= mpu6050_read_byte(fd, TEMP_OUT_H) << 8;
- printf("temperature data: %x\n", temp);
- usleep(1000*1000);
- }
- }
- int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
- {
- int fd;
- fd = open("/dev/i2c-1", O_RDWR);
- if (fd < 0)
- perror("open error");
- read_mpu6050(fd);
- close(fd);
- return 0;
- }
【1】编译命令别忘了:
arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc mpu6050_devfs.c -o mpu6050_devfs -march=armv4t
【2】以下是运行成功的打印信息
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