河南专升本公共英语语法考点分析---非谓语动词
语法考点分析---非谓语动词
非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。
一、动词不定式
1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done
完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done
进行式to be doing
2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。例如：
1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.
2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.
3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
4）宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
I didn’t notice them come in.
注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.
help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.
5）定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We don’t know when and where to go .（宾语）
5．动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），语法功能同不定式肯定式。
6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：
1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或 没有时间限制。例如：
They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时）
She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）
2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如：
She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.
7．不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，
例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.
注：关于不定式的主动式表被动义用法参见《动词时态、语态》一讲。
二. 分词
1．分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been done
2．语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。
3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车
注：关于心理状态动词的－ing形式表主动意，－ed形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。
2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。
例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家
4．现在分词的基本用法：
1）一般主动式用法：
A．作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)
The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)
B．作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.
C．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。
例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Don’t keep the students doing homework all day.
注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room
when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)
have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：
I’ll have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。
I’ll have him working in my compary.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。
Don’t have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。
D．作状语：
①时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.
②原因状语：Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
2）完成主动式用法：
这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：
Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.
3）一般被动式用法：
表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。
例如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car can’t be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired,the car can’t be used.)
4）完成被动式用法：
表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。
例如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.
5．过去分词的基本用法：
<1>过去分词和现在分词一样在句中都可以充当状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语。例：
状语：Disturbed by the noise,we had to finish the meeting early.
定语：Large boards can be used for printed posters.
表语：The supermarket is crowded with shoppers.
宾补：We must get the work finished today.
<2>现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：
现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：
(2)作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：
Being led ( ＝ Led ) by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories.
(3)作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：
The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(4)作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192,the bridge was very useful.
如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times,the problem was settled at
last.
如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：
Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾 补。例如：I’ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)
He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make,order,want,like,wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被 动式作宾补。例如：
The speaker couldn’t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)
He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)
6．独立主格结构：
当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：
The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(＝When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home .(＝There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)
7．使用现在分词的几个注意点：
(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：
Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）
(Standing＝When we stood)
Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）
Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正）（Having found＝After/When they had found）
Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）
(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：
He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knicked down)
Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)
<2>现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：
现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：
The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。（句中connected无时间性）
(2)作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：
Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.
(3)作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：
The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.
(4)作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.
如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at
last.
如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：
Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.
(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：I’ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)
(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如
The speaker couldn’t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)
He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)
8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式
所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：
The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.
She was much surprised at the surprising news.
已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,
discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry
它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。
它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/I’m tired.
但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。
三、动名词
1．动名词的基本用法：
1）作主语：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /it isn’t necessary explaining to him. /It’s no use waiting here.
2）作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.
3）作宾语：When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isn’t worth teaching.
注 有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。详见第6点。
4）作定语：This is her father’s walking stick.
2．动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there,Wang Dong’s/Wang Dong working
there
语法功能：
1）作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sb’s的形式，此句中的Your不可改为You。）
2）作宾语：I don’t like his/him staying with us.
3）作表语：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）
3．动名词的完成式：
动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：
We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：
4．动名词的被动式
如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。
例如：The problem is far from being settled.
动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：
I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.
5．动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较
<1>作主语：
(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is
difficult.
(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：
It took him two hours to finish the work.
To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：
Getting up early is a good habit.
<2>作宾语：
(1)有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：begin, start,
continue, love, prefer等。
(2)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse,
decide.
(3)有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延迟）＝delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
A.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have
done sth.
B.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事
C.regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
D.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语）
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
E.mean to do sth. 决意／打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味／表明做某事
F.try to do sth. 努力／设法去做某事
try doing sth. 试图／尝试用某一方法做某事
G.want/need/require to do sth. 要／想做某事
want/need/require dong. 需要／想要被…
H.go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on doing sth. 继续做相同的事
四.易混淆词语辨析：
- carry on(vi.)继续；carry out(vt.)实行；实现；执行。
例如：They carried out the plan and carried on with the work. - lie (lay, lain) down 躺下；lay (laid, laid) down 放下
- in charge of 负责…，in the charge of 由…负责。
例如：I’m in charge of the class.＝The class is in the charge of me. - be angry with/at sb. 生某人气；be angry at/about/over sth.因某事生气；
例如：Mother got angry with/at me only because I had broken a precious cup. - call on sb. 拜访某人；call at sp. 访问某处
drop in on sb. 顺便拜访某人；drop in at sp. 顺便拜访某处 - knock on/at sth. 敲某物；knock into sb./sth. 撞上某人/某物。
- by the way 顺便说；on the way (to)… 在去…的路上；in the way 以这种方式，碍事；in sb’s way 碍某人的事
例如：By the way, would you please buy me a pen on the way to school?
顺便说一下，你上学路上能帮我买支笔吗？
If you work in the way you will be in my way.
如果你以这种方式工作，那你就碍我的事了。 - deep与deeply：两词作副词用时，前者表可量度的“深”意思。后者表抽象概念的“深”意。
例如：They dug deep but didn’t find water./I was deeply moved. - be fit for ＝ be suitable/proper for 适合于；fit(v.)(尺寸、大小)适合。
例如：The clothes fit me, and the colour is also fit for me.
这衣服我穿合身，而且颜色也合适。
10)glance at … 瞅/瞥/很快地看一眼…；glance over … 穿过… 瞅/瞥/很快看。
例如：He glanced at her shoulder. 他瞅了一下她的肩膀。
He glanced over her shoulder and found a short man following her.
他从她的肩膀瞥了一眼，发现有个矮个子男的跟着她。
11)say to oneself ＝ think to oneself 暗自思量；talk to oneself 自言自语
12)break off (使)折断；停止说话；突然中断；停顿；break down 武力镇压；推翻；将(门、墙等)捣毁；崩溃；分解；瓦解；出毛病；坏掉；break up 分解；驱散；打碎；拆散 break into 闯入。
例如：Some people broke down the door and broke into his house.
They broke up the TV and something else.
When they left they broke off some trees in the gard.
一些人捣开他的屋门闯进他家，他们打碎了电视机和一些别的东西。走时又砍倒了院子里的几棵树。
13)be in love with sb.与某人相爱(延续状态)；fall in love with sb.爱上某人(短
暂情况)。
例如：They fell in love with each other three years ago and they have been in
love with each other for three years.
三年前他们相爱了，三年来他们一直相爱着。
14)be dressed as/like … 穿得象/打扮成…；be dressed in … 穿着…。
例如：The man who is dressed in blue clothes is dressed as a worker.
穿着蓝衣服的那个男人打扮得象个工人。
15)seat vt.就座，容纳；sit vi.坐
例如：He is seated in the room.＝He sits/is sitting in the room.
The cinema can seat 500 people.
16)work on 从事于；忙于；work out 做出，解出。
例如：They are working on the maths problems and have worked out nearly half.
17)believe 相信(某人的话)；believe in 信赖；信任。
例如：Though I believe what he said just now, I can’t believe him.
虽然我相信他刚才说的话，但是我不信赖他。
18)share与share in：两词都可表“分享”意，但share还可表“合用”、“共用”意。
例如：We should share (in) both happiness and sorrow.
I wouldn’t like to share the bed with you. 我不愿与你合睡一张床。
19)many与many a：两词都表“许多”意。但many后跟复数名词，复数谓语；many a 后跟单数名词，单数谓语。
例如：Many students are writing now.＝Many a student is writing now.
20)more than 多于；不仅；not more than 不超过；no more than 不过；仅仅。
例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。
She is not more than thirty. 她不超过三十岁。
She is no more than thirty.＝She is only thirty. 她只不过三十岁。
21)by surprise, in surprise与to one’s surprise：by surprise用于take … by
surprise 出乎…意料；对…突然袭击。
例如：He took me by surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door.
他突然出现在门口，这使我感到意外。
in surprise 惊讶地。
例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他惊讶地看着我。
to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是。
例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test.
使我惊讶的是他物理得了满分。
22)astonish＝surprise 使吃惊；使惊讶；shock 使震惊；使震动；使电击。
例如：It astonished/surprised us that he didn’t go to work this morning.
The news that all the boats had sunk in the storm shocked us.
23)raise与rise：raise vt.升起；举起；提高；饲养；rise vi.上升；升高；升起。
例如：They climbed up onto the top of the ship to raise themselves so as to watch
the sun which was rising in the east.
The workers wanted to have their pay raised.
24)take care与look out：两个短语都有“小心”、“当心”意。take care既可单独
使用，也可跟宾语从句或不定式；look out只能单独使用，若表“挑选”意，可
跟宾语。
25)die of与die from：都表“死于…”意。die of后跟表“内因”的死因，如：hunger,
anger, brief(忧伤)；die from后跟表“外因”的死因，如：flood, lock of water,
chest wound；具体病名，如：cancer, stomachache等则可用于两短语之后。
26)put out 熄灭/扑灭(火等)；关掉(灯、煤气)等；put down 放下；平定/镇压(起义、
暴乱等)；记下
27)live on 以…为生/为主食；live in 住在…；live by (doing …)靠(做某事)维
生/生活
28)think about 考虑；think of 考虑；想出；思念；think over 仔细考虑；think up
想出；编造；设计出
29)try on 试穿；try out 试…能力；试用(某人，某物)
30)make of 由…制成(成品中见不到原料模样)；make from 由…制成(成品中见不到
原料模样)；make up of 由…构成；由…组成；make out of 由…制出；由…改制
而成。
31)keep off 离开；勿接触；keep … out 将…阴挡在外
32)a number of … 许多/一些…；the number of … …的数目
33)hand out 分发；hand in 上交；hand to 交给；递给
34)fall to pieces 跨台；崩溃；倒塌；解体；fall into ruins 成为废墟
非谓语动词考点分析
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until
1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played
C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意， 不
合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport
in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train.
——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not
C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided
的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，
这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。
据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。
又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were
invited)才是正确答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。