计算机软考系统架构师

计算机系统架构 (Architecture of Computer System)

Computer is an electronic machine that makes performing any task very easy. In computer, the CPU executes each instruction provided to it, in a series of steps, this series of steps is called Machine Cycle, and is repeated for each instruction. One machine cycle involves fetching of instruction, decoding the instruction, transferring the data, executing the instruction.

计算机是一台电子机器，可以很轻松地执行任何任务。在计算机中，CPU在一系列步骤中执行提供给它的每条指令，这一系列步骤称为“ 机器周期” ，并且对每条指令重复执行。一个机器周期涉及提取指令 ， 解码指令 ， 传输数据 ， 执行指令 。

Computer system has five basic units that help the computer to perform operations, which are given below:

计算机系统具有五个基本单元，可帮助计算机执行操作，如下所示：

Input Unit
输入单位
Output Unit
输出单位
Storage Unit
存储单元
Arithmetic Logic Unit
算术逻辑单元
Control Unit
控制单元

输入单位 (Input Unit)

Input unit connects the external environment with internal computer system. It provides data and instructions to the computer system. Commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, magnetic tape etc.

输入单元将外部环境与内部计算机系统相连。它向计算机系统提供数据和指令。常用的输入设备是键盘，鼠标，磁带等。

Input unit performs following tasks:

输入单元执行以下任务：

Accept the data and instructions from the outside environment.
接受来自外部环境的数据和说明。
Convert it into machine language.
将其转换为机器语言。
Supply the converted data to computer system.
将转换后的数据提供给计算机系统。

输出单位 (Output Unit)

It connects the internal system of a computer to the external environment. It provides the results of any computation, or instructions to the outside world. Some output devices are printers, monitor etc.

它将计算机的内部系统连接到外部环境。它提供任何计算的结果，或向外界提供指令。一些输出设备是打印机 ， 监视器等。

存储单元 (Storage Unit)

This unit holds the data and instructions. It also stores the intermediate results before these are sent to the output devices. It also stores the data for later use.

该单元保存数据和指令。在将中间结果发送到输出设备之前，它还会存储中间结果。它还存储数据供以后使用。

The storage unit of a computer system can be divided into two categories:

计算机系统的存储单元可以分为两类：

Primary Storage: This memory is used to store the data which is being currently executed. It is used for temporary storage of data. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. RAM is used as primary storage memory.主存储器：该存储器用于存储当前正在执行的数据。它用于临时存储数据。关闭计算机电源后，数据将丢失。 RAM用作主存储内存。
Secondary Storage: The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than primary memory. It is used for permanent storage of data. Commonly used secondary memory devices are hard disk, CD etc.辅助存储：辅助内存比主内存慢且便宜。它用于永久存储数据。常用的辅助存储设备是硬盘，CD等。

算术逻辑单元 (Arithmetic Logical Unit)

All the calculations are performed in ALU of the computer system. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU. When the operations are done, the result is transferred back to the storage unit.

所有计算均在计算机系统的ALU中进行。 ALU可以执行基本操作，例如加法，减法，除法，乘法等。无论何时需要计算，控制单元都会将数据从存储单元传输到ALU。完成操作后，结果将传输回存储单元。

控制单元 (Control Unit)

It controls all other units of the computer. It controls the flow of data and instructions to and from the storage unit to ALU. Thus it is also known as central nervous system of the computer.

它控制着计算机的所有其他单元。它控制往返存储单元到ALU的数据和指令流。因此，它也被称为计算机的中枢神经系统。

中央处理器 (CPU)

It is Central Processing Unit of the computer. The control unit and ALU are together known as CPU. CPU is the brain of computer system. It performs following tasks:

它是计算机的中央处理单元。控制单元和ALU一起称为CPU。 CPU是计算机系统的大脑。它执行以下任务：

It performs all operations.
它执行所有操作。
It takes all decisions.
它需要所有决定。
It controls all the units of computer.
它控制计算机的所有单元。

Above figure shows the block diagram of a computer.

上图显示了计算机的框图。

翻译自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-architecture/architecture-of-computer-system