94django_template
目录
template：... 1
设置template引擎：... 1
设置公用templates和公用static：... 2
view中使用template：... 4
去掉url和static硬编码：... 5
获取和渲染模板：... 5
内置built-in template tags和filters：... 7
自定义template filter：... 7
模板扩展extends和include包含：... 8
template：
django内置了自己的模板引擎，和jinja很像，使用简单；
django默认会在app_name/templates/下寻找模板，在app_name/templates/下再建立app_name，这样app_name/templates/app_name/下存放与该app相关的模板，因为默认django会去所有的app下找模板，可能会优先找到其它app下的模板；
默认会到app_name/static/下寻找静态文件；
设置template引擎：
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
# 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.jinja2.Jinja2',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
context_processors are functions that receive the current HttpRequest as an argument and return a dict of data to be added to the rendering context.
设置公用templates和公用static：
mysite/mysite/settings.py
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
……
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
]
variables:
{{ var }}、{{ dict.key }}、{{ var.attr }}、{{ var.method }}、{{ var.index }}
模板引擎支持循环、判断、过滤器：
filter：
{{ list|join:"," }}、{{ name|lower }}
{{ now | date:"Y-m-d" }}
{{ name | length }}
tags：
{% tag xxx %}{% endtag %}
{% for ... %}{% endfor %}
{# comment #}
for：
{% for person in person_list %}
<li> {{ person.name }} </li>
{% endfor %}
if：
{% if max > 10 %}
<li>max value is {{ max }} </li>
{% else %}
<li>max value is 10 </li>
{% endif %}
例：
>>> from django.template import Template,Context
>>> t = Template('My name is {{ name }}')
>>> c = Context({'name':'jowin'}) #context可以是 dict、属性、方法、tuple|list
>>> t.render(c)
'My name is jowin'
>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}') #变量查找，dict、attr、method、list、tuple
>>> class Person:
... def __init__(self,name):
... self.name = name
...
>>> user = Person('jowin')
>>> user.name
'jowin'
>>> c = Context({'user':user})
>>> t.render(c)
'my name is jowin'
>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}')
>>> class Person:
... def name(self):
... return 'jowin'
...
>>> user = Person()
>>> user.name()
'jowin'
>>> c = Context({'user':user})
>>> t.render(c)
'my name is jowin'
view中使用template：
render源码，from django.shortcuts import render：
def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
"""
Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
"""
content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)
return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)
另，render_to_response()，老版本1.6用；
mysite/polls/views.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
from django.template import loader
# def index(request):
# latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
# template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
# context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
# # output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
# return HttpResponse(template.render(context)) #方1
def index(request):
latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context) #方2
mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html
<img src="/static/django.png"> #mysite/polls/static/django.png
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
去掉url和static硬编码：
mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html
{% load static %}
<img src="{% static 'django.png' %}">
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<!--<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>-->
<li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
注：
{% url 'detail' question.id %} #app的urls.py中定义的name有关；app namespace改后，'detail'改为'polls:detail'；
获取和渲染模板：
方1：
from django.template.loader import get_template
def get_template(template_name, using=None): #返回一个模板对象，再使用模板对象的类方法Template中的render()渲染
"""
Loads and returns a template for the given name.
Raises TemplateDoesNotExist if no such template exists.
"""
chain = []
engines = _engine_list(using)
for engine in engines:
try:
return engine.get_template(template_name)
except TemplateDoesNotExist as e:
chain.append(e)
raise TemplateDoesNotExist(template_name, chain=chain)
class Template(object):
def __init__(self, template_string, origin=None, name=None, engine=None):
……
def _render(self, context):
return self.nodelist.render(context)
def render(self, context):
"Display stage -- can be called many times"
with context.render_context.push_state(self):
if context.template is None:
with context.bind_template(self):
context.template_name = self.name
return self._render(context)
else:
return self._render(context)
方2：
from django.shortcuts import render
def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
"""
Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
"""
content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)
return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)
方3：
from django.template.loader import render_to_string
def render_to_string(template_name, context=None, request=None, using=None):
"""
Loads a template and renders it with a context. Returns a string.
template_name may be a string or a list of strings.
"""
if isinstance(template_name, (list, tuple)):
template = select_template(template_name, using=using)
else:
template = get_template(template_name, using=using)
return template.render(context, request)
内置built-in template tags和filters：
block #Defines a block that can be overridden by child templates.，{% block custom_title %}首页{% endblock %}
csrf_token #html的form标签中使用，{% csrf_tokne %}
extends #模板扩展，{% extends 'base.html' %}
include #模板包含，{% include 'pagination.html' %}
url # <h4><a href="{% url 'article_detail' article.id %}">{{ article.title }}</a></h4>
filter
for
for ... empty
if
例：
{% for ad in ads %}
<a href="{{ ad.callback_url }}" target="_blank">
<img id="slide-img-{{ forloop.counter }}" src="{{ MEDIA_URL }}{{ ad.image_url }}" alt="" />
</a>
{% endfor %}
过滤器使用格式：
{{ 变量|过滤器:参数 }}
add # <div class="module1_{{ forloop.counter|add:2 }} box">
center
date # <div>{{ article.date_publish|date:'d' }}</div>，{{ article.date_publish|date:'Y-m-d' }}
default
dictsort
dictsortreversed
filesizeformat
length
last
ljust
lower
random
rjust
safe # 告诉browser，这个变量是安全的，可以渲染，没必要显示纯文本，{{ article.content | safe }}
title
truncatewords #如果后端传的数据太多，只显示一部分，{{ value|truncatewords:3 }}，截取3个单词
i18n
tz
static #{% load static %}吗{% load staticfiles %}
get_static_prefix # <img src="{% get_static_prefix %}images/hi.jpg" alt="Hi!">
get_media_prefix
例：
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
<h3>Publishers</h3>
<ul>
{% for publisher in object_list %}
<li>{{ publisher.name }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
{% ifequal a b %} ... {% endifequal %} is an obsolete way to write {% if a == b %} ... {% endif %}
Likewise,
{% ifnotequal a b %} ... {% endifnotequal %} is superseded by {% if a != b %} ... {% endif %}
The ifequal and ifnotequal tags will be deprecated in a future release.
{% for current_org in hot_orgs %}
<dl>
<dt class="num fl">{{ forloop.counter }}</dt> #The current iteration of the loop (1-indexed)
<dd>
<a href="/company/2/"><h2>{{ current_org }}</h2></a>
<p>{{ current_org.address }}</p>
</dd>
</dl>
{% endfor%}
自定义template filter：
django寻找自定义filter的目录是app_name/templatetags/；
例：
mysite/polls/templatetags/mytags.py
from django import template
register = template.Library()
@register.filter
def lower(text):
return text.lower()
@register.filter
def question_choice_count(question):
return question.choice_set.count()
@register.filter
def question_choice_count_add(question, num):
return question.choice_set.count() + int(num)
mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html
{% load static %}
{% load mytags %}
<img src="{% static 'django.png' %}">
{% if latest_question_list %}
<ul>
{% for question in latest_question_list %}
<!--<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>-->
<li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a>
-- {{ question|question_choice_count }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
模板扩展extends和include包含：
实现网页布局；
extends是继承模板，然后自定义可设置的block；
include是导入一个模板片段到该位置；